Table of Contents
What is meant by folding?
Different types of rocks have different hardness. As a result, their ability to withstand tectonic forces also two opposite directions, the rock layer deforms and folds are created.
What is meant by fault?
If compressive or tensile forces are applied to a rock on the earth’s surface, it may crack. Along this crack, one block of rock may move in a different direction from the other. In other words, if the rock cannot withstand the tectonic forces, it cracks . This is called a fault.
How many events can occur in the case of a fault in the transformation of landforms?
In the case of a fault in landform transformation, three events can occur. In this case, one rock block can:
i) go down below the other, or
ii) change position horizontally, or
iii) go up above the other.
What is meant by a normal fault?
When one rock block moves down below another block in the case of a fault, it is called a normal fault. It is noteworthy that in this case, the part that rises is located at an obtuse angle with the descending rock block. The visible part of the upward-moving rock block is called the fault scarp.
What is meant by reserve fault?
In the case of a fault, when one rock block moves up above another rock block and some part of the upward-moving rock block hangs over the lower rock block, it is called a reserve fault. This hanging part may break and fall, creating a landslide. In this case, the upward-moving rock block is located at an acute angle with the lower rock block.
What is meant by a volcano?
A volcano is spectacular landform created by a process within the earth’s interior that creates the earth’s landforms. The mouth of such a row or mountain is called crater. Through the crater, molten rock, various gases, water vapor, pieces of heated rock, etc. come out from the earth’s interior. Molten rock inside the earth’s interior is called magma. When that magma or molten rock come out, it is called lava.
What is a dormant volcano?
A dormant volcano is one that has erupted in the past but is currently inactive for many years. There is a possibility of future eruptions if the magma chamber is refilled with magma. For example, Mt. Fuji in Japan.
What are magma and lava?
When molten rock inside a volcano is in the earth’s interior, it is called magma. When magma or molten rock erupts from a volcano and comes out onto the earth’s surface, it is called lava.
What is physical weathering?
The process in which rocks are influenced by various physical forces and break down into smaller particles is called physical weathering. In this case, the chemical composition of the minerals that make up the rock remains unchanged, only the size and shape of the rock change.
What is chemical weathering?
When rocks are disintegrated by chemical processes it is called chemical weathering. In this case, the rock changes not only in size but also in chemical composition. Chemical weathering can be of different types depending on the chemical reaction, such as oxidation, hydration, and hydrolysis.
What is biological weathering?
In many cases, rocks can be disintegrated by the activities of plants and animals. This is called biological weathering. For example, some plants can grow on rocks. The roots of these plants create pressure on the rock and penetrate deeper, causing cracks in the rock.
What is oxidation?
Oxygen dissolved in air and water reacts with the minerals of the rock to create new substances. This is called oxidation. Metallic minerals are generally converted into oxides and hydroxides in this process. The new substance formed is structurally weaker than the original mineral and breaks down easily.
What is hydration?
The minerals that make up the rock can react with water to form multiple new compounds. This is called hydration. For example, feldspar, a mineral found in granite rock (which is a very hard rock), reacts with water to form relatively soft clay or mud and silica sand.
What is hydrolysis?
When water molecules combine with mineral compounds to form different mineral structures, it’s called hydrolysis. For example, gypsum is formed when water combines with the mineral anhydrite.
What is denudation?
During weathering, the upper layer of the Earth’s crust breaks down into rock fragments, pebbles, gravel, sand, clay, etc. However, they don’t move away. This is called rock cover. When these loose materials are removed by various natural forces, it’s called denudation.
