Chemistry

In mathematical terms, the value of pH may be any number from negative to positive, in reality, the value is measured on a scale of 0 to 14.

There are some isotopes the nucleus of which spontaneously synthesize themselves and emit alpha, beta, gamma rays. They are called radioactive isotopes. 

The process of heating a condensed ore at temperature below the melting point in absence of air is called calcination.

During metal extraction from ores, some other materials besides the ore are mixed with the ores which are known as metal impurities. 

A diluted solution of calcium hydroxide is called lime water. The formula of lime water is Ca(OH)2

When different minerals are mixed together, they form hard particle. The matter produced from these particles mixed together is called rock.

The minerals which are obtained in liquid state are called liquid minerals.

22 carat gold means alloy of 91.67% gold and 8.33% copper and other metals.